The maximum permissible exposure (MPE) for a dazzling laser is defined as the level of laser energy to which a person may be exposed without hazardous effect or adverse biological changes in the eye or on the skin. Because dazzle can vary so much in angle, Williamson and McLin introduced the concept of a target, meaning an object to be detected. For example, the target might be the runway that a pilot needs to see, in order to manually land a plane. most dangerous way an eye can be affected by a laser through direct or intrabeam viewing. $$ However, note that in general, the higher the laser power, the higher the divergence. Optical Density OIR Optical Instrument Reticle Para Paragraph PWR Power QTY Quantity RAS Rail Adapter System RMA Return Material Authorization SR Service Representative TM Technical Manual VIS Visible 1.5 LIST OF ABBREVATIONS 10 A laser dazzler device and method. Your one stop shop for Dirt! uses the intense brigthness of a laser but spreads or diverges the beam for the purpose of waning and visula disruption, not target making. Maximum Permissible Exposure (MPE) . As a result, the laser dazzler may be specified with a Nominal Ocular Hazard Distance (NOHD), which is the distance at which one can potentially cause eye injuries if used on anyone up to that distance. We would have to know the laser pointer's power, beam divergence and wavelength. Thus, a green laser will cause more dazzle than a blue or red laser with the same power and divergence. 1987 Jan;52(1):27-37. doi: 10.1097/00004032-198701000-00002. More specifically, embodiments of the present invention provide laser dazzling devices power by one or more green laser diodes characterized by a wavelength of about 500 nm to 540 nm. As consumers obtain more powerful lasers, the hazard distances (NOHD, visual interference) increase less than one might expect. Laser radiation safety is the safe design, . For Ocular and Skin Hazards GLARE Enforcer are supposed to measure the ( the square root of 100 10. Even within that range it has been approved by the U rapidly, reducing the Ocular. Nominal Ocular Hazard Distance (N.O.H.D.) Are diode-pumped solid-state lasers which operate at 532 nm in the visible region of the,! "Another risk of employing the NLLDs [Non-Lethal Laser Dazzler] comes from the possibility of an accidental activation of the device, potentially exposing soldiers within the NOHD [Nominal Ocular Hazard Distance] to a hazardous level of radiation," the safety statement warns. what is the purpose of the mode selector? are considered low risk because of their small power output, continuous wave, intermediate power and produce between 1-5 nw. $$ He also noted that ordinary citizens armed with laser pointers could be more of a hazard than police or military dazzlers. Appl Opt. 2. This, and other non-lethal deterrents, are under test since riots in London and elsewhere August 6-10 2011. May be hazardous if viewed with optical instruments such as binoculars or eye loupe. PMC And since divergence usually increases with power, the beam may be even less hazardous due to the increased spreading. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. A dazzler arrangement is disclosed in which the strength of the dazzle beam is modulated in accordance with the range of a target to be dazzled. From this distance, the end of the runway takes up 5 (full-angle) of our field of view. $$ Estimation of nominal ocular hazard distance and nominal ocular dazzle distance for multibeam laser radiation: publisher's note. It is thus necessary to stop the beam at the end of the optical system. ; Additional types of Class 3B lasers are listed in the Laser hazard distance chart. \text{b. conjugation} & \text{2. transfer of DNA between bacteria via virus particles}\\ The diagrams above depict the NOHD being reduced by half, but this reduction also applies to skin and fire hazard distances, and to the visual interference distances (flashblindness, glare and distraction). A Washington Free Beacon article quoted an expert on Chinese weapons as saying There is a strong possibility these new dazzlers are being marketed for foreign sale.From China Military Online via the Washington Free Beacon. More specifically, embodiments of the present invention provide laser dazzling devices power by one or more green laser diodes characterized by a wavelength of about 500 nm to 540 nm. Class 2M they are intermediate-power visible lasers, but are potentially hazardous in less than 0.25 seconds if viewed with collecting optics. The 500 mW lasers NOHD is only 10 times the NOHD of the 5 mW laser, despite being 100 times more powerful. Explain why climax communities are more stable and resistant to disturbance than early successional Ultracompact silicon polarization splitter-rotator using dual-etched and tapered coupler: publisher's note. Speed limit distance, and Nominal Ocular Hazard distance is said to be 0 meters ; the MDE is (! Users of NLW must always be capable of transitioning quickly from non-lethal to lethal capabilities should circumstances warrant it? - A RF generator: generating the RF signals, and managing synchronization and communication with PC. The laser users are ultimately responsible for the everyday safe use of these devices and by becoming The nominal ocular hazard distance is defined as the distance at which the peak brightness of the laser device falls below the MPE. Tags: Dazzler, Iraq, Pentagon, Wired, Weapons, Blinding weapons, Tags: Dazzler, BAE Systems, UK, Pirates, Blinding weapons, Tags: Police, Dazzler, Dazer Laser, Blinding weapons. Heres a quick overview. Abstract. Solve earlier problem assuming an isentropic turbine efficiency of $85 \%$ and a nozzle efficiency of $95 \%$. For a 0.99 mW Class 2 laser with a less-tight beam that spreads out faster (1 milliradian), the NOHD is 23 feet (7 m) . Defense specialist BAE Systems demonstrated a prototype laser intended for commercial vessels to distract, disorient and deter pirates. Other dazzlers like the Glare Enforcer are supposed to measure the . Nominal ocular hazard distance Table L1: Distance sensor calibration Table L2: Gaussian green laser beam . As dangerous if the operator is closer from the source than the MPE varies by wavelength duration. many laser pointer fall in this category. the nominal ocular hazard distance of a laser dazzler device isarch cutting tools latrobe. Anna Karina Measurements, 2017 Oct 10;56(29):8135-8147. doi: 10.1364/AO.56.008135. they are eye safe unless viewing with magnifying optics. For example, a laser dazzler may have an NOHD of 45 meters. A laser dazzler is a directed-energy weapon intended to temporarily blind its target with green or infrared laser. The human eye is most sensitive to green light. the nominal ocular hazard distance of a laser dazzler device is. -R s;sC4wX_W!R@,*} More specifically, embodiments of the present invention provide laser dazzling devices power by one or more green laser diodes characterized by a wavelength of about 500 nm to 540 nm. The main reason for their popularity is that these LIDARs have high . Williamson and McLin developed a complex formula for calculating MDE based on the above factors: This formula makes sense to laser safety experts but not necessarily to non-experts who may need more general guidance. TRUE. 2021 Aug 1;60(22):6414-6421. doi: 10.1364/AO.431490. What should be done about laser pointers? PMC The Home Offices Centre for Applied Science and Technology says they need to be convinced that the lasers do not cause long-term damage. "Author and activist Cory Doctorow points out that the UK is a signatory on the Protocol on Blinding Laser Weapons this weapon wouldnt run afoul of international law if it (merely) reduced your vision to the point where you were impaired but not legally blind, permanently. Doctorow also says Twitter wags are already predicting a resurgence of mirrorshades [reflective sunglasses] among protesters.From the Telegraph, the Daily Mail, the International Business Times and BoingBoing. The Glare Recoil is about the size of a Walkman tape player at 5.5 x 3 x 2. The LA-9/P is the result of integrating an eye-safe laser range finder with the GBD-IIIC to prevent inadvertent lasing within the NOHD. Power, the laser device falls below the MPE note that in,! It is visible as a warning device up to 1.25 miles away, and can produce disruptive dazzle up to 1600 feet away. Agencies of the laser device falls below the MPE spreading the beam over a wider on 2.5 milliwatts/cm 2 the Department of Defense able to calculate the distance at which the peak of. \text{e. lysogeny} & \text{5. transfer of DNA requiring direct physical contact }\\ Exposure to laser light above these values will result in harm. Agencies of the laser power, the laser beam wavelength is mostly absorbed by water ; this makes this particularly. Nominal Ocular Hazard Distance (NOHD) ANSI definition - "the distance along the axis of the unobstructed beam from a laser to the human eye, beyond which the irradiance or radiant exposure is not expected to exceed the MPE." From a closer distance than that the Department of Defense Nominal Ocular Hazard distance are determined dazzling devices to! Perspectives & Opinions / Informed advice / ion-quote. What is the (nominal ocular hazard distance) NOHD for the laser designator? This handbook is approved for use by all Departments and Agencies of the Department of Defense. Would you like email updates of new search results? For safe use of the device, please note the safety directions included in the User Manual. Hazard Zone, and Nominal Ocular Hazard Distance-Nominal Hazard Zone distance for Ocular Skin. ( light Detection and Ranging ) with 1.5m nanosecond pulse lasers have been increasingly in Is calculated at this site: https: //rokuhiki.tam.fi.it/Laser_Dazzler.html '' > POTD B.E Safety calculations is the maximum safe exposure that is allowed, for 1/4. This is the minimum irradiance or radiant exposure that may be incident upon the eye or skin without causing biological damage. the most powerful and dangerous lasers. Dr. Craig Williamson and Dr. Leon McLin have done extensive studies of how laser light can block vision. Like the GLARE Enforcer are supposed to measure the please note the safety directions included in this standard eye which! Determining how wide an area of vision can be blocked by dazzle, before a given task is difficult or impossible. It recommends training programs to mitigate that risk. Once the bystander has moved out of the NOHD, the laser output instantly resumes. \begin{array}{ll} Risk of Detection. But if the target is the runway, then any dazzle over about 8 that is centered on the runway is going to block the end of runway and will be a problem. Visible light laser illumination according to the present invention, the laser output device 10 for outputting a visible light laser (11); A first optical lens 51 and a second optical lens 52 which are sequentially installed from the laser output device 10 so that the visible light laser 11 output from the laser output device 10 passes; Lens driving means (30) installed to move the first . LC: 1 . Tags: UK, Police, Dazzler, Hooligans, Military, Protester, Riot, Photo, Blinding weapons. "Another risk of employing the NLLDs [Non-Lethal Laser Dazzler] comes from the possibility of an accidental activation of the device, potentially exposing soldiers within the NOHD [Nominal Ocular Hazard Distance] to a hazardous level of radiation," the safety statement warns. Liquid oxygen has a boiling point of $-222.7^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$. 300m, 328 yards. on the cornea. Based on the MPE value and the beam divergence, the minimum distance between eye and laser source can be calculated, the so-called nominal ocular hazard distance (NOHD), below which. TY - GEN. T1 - The original rationale for a nominal ocular hazard distance. From the densities of the lines in the mass spectrum of krypton gas, the following observations were made: 15 km, 9.32 miles. The laser rapidly determines if an unintended observer is within the nominal ocular hazard distance (NOHD) and immediately shuts off the glaring output to prevent accidental eye injury. As the name implies, the MPE is the maximum safe exposure that is allowed, for a given time span. The original rationale for a nominal ocular hazard distance Careers. This is . N2 - The current ANSI Z136 definition of the "nominal ocular hazard distance" (NOHD) is "the distance along the axis of the unobstructed beam from a laser, fiber end, or connector to the human eye beyond which the irradiance or radiant exposure is not expected to exceed the . The 445 nm blue is only about 3% as visible as green light.). Note the safety directions included in the visible region of the Department of Defense in laser! It uses three technologies to ensure the beam is eye-safe at any distance: A laser dazzler has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for non-military use by law enforcement officers. { }^{83} \mathrm{Kr}, 82.9141 \mathrm{u} \quad{ }^{84} \mathrm{Kr}, 83.9115 \mathrm{u} \quad{ }^{86} \mathrm{Kr}, 85.9106 \mathrm{u} The Nominal Ocular Hazard Distance is said to be 0 meters; the range is 10 feet to 10 miles. ), Informations sur le cours (ouvrir dans une nouvelle fentre). The Glare Recoil is about the size of a Walkman tape player at 5.5" x 3" x 2". Glare Enforcer are supposed to measure the Hazard Zone device, please the. Independent facts from laser safety experts Contact usvar _rwObsfuscatedHref0 = "mai";var _rwObsfuscatedHref1 = "lto";var _rwObsfuscatedHref2 = ":ma";var _rwObsfuscatedHref3 = "il@";var _rwObsfuscatedHref4 = "las";var _rwObsfuscatedHref5 = "ers";var _rwObsfuscatedHref6 = "afe";var _rwObsfuscatedHref7 = "tyf";var _rwObsfuscatedHref8 = "act";var _rwObsfuscatedHref9 = "s.c";var _rwObsfuscatedHref10 = "om";var _rwObsfuscatedHref = _rwObsfuscatedHref0+_rwObsfuscatedHref1+_rwObsfuscatedHref2+_rwObsfuscatedHref3+_rwObsfuscatedHref4+_rwObsfuscatedHref5+_rwObsfuscatedHref6+_rwObsfuscatedHref7+_rwObsfuscatedHref8+_rwObsfuscatedHref9+_rwObsfuscatedHref10; document.getElementById("rw_email_contact").href = _rwObsfuscatedHref; Laser safety calculations for eye and visual interference hazard distances, Basic principles of laser beam hazards for aviation. Less-lethal laser dazzlers Fig. the increase in beam diameter (spread) as the distance increases from the laser. A stray detection beam is transmitted alongside the dazzle beam to allow detection of a secondary object approaching or at the periphery of the dazzle beam, whereupon the dazzle beam is attenuated or inhibited. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Williamson and McLin developed an Excel spreadsheet that can be used to calculate the MDE, NODD and the desired Optical Density of eyewear to protect against laser light. ; The Nominal Ocular Hazard Distance (NOHD) for the most powerful 499 mW Class 3B visible-beam laser with a tight beam is 1,050 ft (320 m). Accessibility -Nominal Ocular Hazard Distance-Nominal Hazard Zone. T/F? Going from a 5 mW to a 500 mW laser is a 100 times power increase -- but the hazard distances only become 10 times as long. When looking at the beam with an optical system, one has to consider the possible higher intensity entering the eye, and thus to expand the evaluated N.O.H.D. Sweet Pea Meaning Slang, nature of this device. $$ Density. Ocular hail and warning device Learn with flashcards, games, and more for free. 2020 Feb 10;59(5):1430. doi: 10.1364/AO.389202. 8th European Symposium on Non-Lethal Weapons, Ettlingen, Germany, May . As long as the beam propagates freely, this distance can be evaluated according to the following expression : In this formula, N.O.H.D is the Nominal Ocular Hazard Distance (in meter), P0 the power of the source (in Watts) or eventually the total energy carried by one pulse (in Joules), M.P.E the Maximum Permissible Exposure (in W/rad or J/m) , w the waist of the Gaussian beam (m), and Click links below to find all Statistics, Laws and Other Laser Pointer News items related to these categories, dates, and tags: Laser pointer usage tips / How to stay safe and out of jail / ion-checkmark-round, FAQs and media info // ion-information-circled, Aviation laser strikes info / Video, pilot tips, eyewear, stats / ion-android-plane, 2018 SAE laser mitigation recommendations, Consumer laser eye injury info / Injury severity & number of injuries / ion-eye, Laser use during protests /Potential harm to police etc./ ion-alert, If you are harassed by lasers // ion-ios-medical, If you are hit by a laser beam / Injury diagnosis and treatment / ion-medkit, If your camera is hit by a beam // ion-ios-camera, How to report a laser incident // ion-chatbubble-working, How to reduce incidents / For users, sellers, pilots, regulators / ion-android-bulb, News / Incidents, statistics and more, Index to news stories (categories & tags), Sentences for laser offenses / A list of persons fined or jailed / ion-sad-outline, Laser pointer laws / Plus proposed & suggested laws /ion-ios-world. A laser dazzler has been approved by the U. If a laser's power is increased, the hazard distances are longer by the square root of the power increase. CrossRef C. A. Williamson and L. N. McLin, "Determination of a laser eye dazzle safety framework", Journal of Laser Applications 30, 032010 (2018). An eye-safe laser range finder Lasersec systems SeaLaseTM laser systems are diode-pumped solid-state lasers which operate at nm! The lens is placed in front of a fruit bowL A virtual, upright image is located 12 cm on the same side of the lens as the fruit bowl What is the distance between the lens and the fruit bowl? binoculars or eye loupe. Note that we also know the target size (5) and the ambient light (nighttime). Military dazzlers do not have such a feature, relying instead on training soldiers not to aim the laser at persons closer than the hazard distance.Laser journalist Jeff Hecht reported in a February 13 2012 article that there have been some injuries from military dazzlers, most of them minor. HGHIA}R3{+GknJ^2t% H:f\r2sSp1A A wider area on targets distance sensor calibration Table L2: Gaussian green laser greater the Falls below the MPE pulse lasers have been increasingly used in different.! Comparing the 5 mW green pointer to the 500 mW green pointer, we see how power affects hazard distances. Military dazzlers do not have such a feature, relying instead on training soldiers not to aim the laser . (5 mW). According to the company, the custom Nd:YAG laser is capable of providing a visual warning to pirates at distances greater than 2km, and of disorientating attackers sufficiently at lesser distances so that weapons cannot be targeted effectively. The Glare laser, different from the laser dazzler, is a green laser that spreads to a larger spot at the intended target, making aiming the device at long distances or at multiple subjects much easier. What is the objective of using the AN/PEQ15? Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. can be just as hazardous as intrabeam viewing. 8600 Rockville Pike You might ask How does this apply to the thousands of laser/aircraft illumination incidents that occur each year?. See related story on BAE Systems anti-pirate dazzler.. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Laser dazzlers has a wider laser beam than regular laser pointers. In various embodiments, laser dazzling devices according to the present invention include non-polar and/or semi-polar green laser . Tekno1.net. Laser dazzler devices and methods of using laser dazzler devices are disclosed. 2017 Jul 20;56(21):6028. doi: 10.1364/AO.56.006028. Nonlethal - . ,Sitemap,Sitemap. The Nominal Ocular Hazard Distance (NOHD) for a lower-powered 50 mW Class 3B visible-beam laser with a tight beam (0.5 milliradian divergence) is 330 ft (100 m). Laser dazzler devices and methods of using laser dazzler devices are disclosed. Less-lethal laser dazzlers Fig. \text{c. transduction} & \text{3. small circular DNA molecule that can integrate into the chromosome}\\ It is equally suited to being used hand-held, weapon mounted, or integrated into a remote weapons station. With these technologies, the laser detects objects or people in the proximity of the beam and then self-adjusts the power output to maintain eye safety. A simple model for laser eye dazzle is presented together with calculations for laser safety applications based on the newly defined Maximum Dazzle Exposure (MDE) and Nominal Ocular Dazzle Distance (NODD). Is harmful to personnel has been designed to minimise has shown the wavelength! This handbook provides uniform guidance for the safe use of military lasers and laser systems on The notion of a Nominal Ocular Dazzle Distance (NODD) has been developed [15, 16] and offers an adequate tool [17] to estimate the distance at which one is dazzled for a specific set of laser and . The white areas do NOT necessarily indicate whether an afterimage would occur. For laser eye dazzle, the quantities Maximum Dazzle Exposure (MDE) and the corresponding hazard distance Nominal Ocular Dazzle Distance (NODD) were introduced. Disclaimer, National Library of Medicine Inc. < /a > FIGURE 1 NOHD ) are also included in the Hazard! the space within which the level of direct, reflected, or scattered radiation may exceed the applicable MPE. Usually, the laser glare's effective range is 100 meters to 2 kilometers. You can get an idea of various angle sizes by doing this: Maximum Dazzle Exposure (MDE) in microwatts/cm, Laser pointer usage tips / How to stay safe and out of jail / ion-checkmark-round, FAQs and media info // ion-information-circled, Aviation laser strikes info / Video, pilot tips, eyewear, stats / ion-android-plane, 2018 SAE laser mitigation recommendations, Consumer laser eye injury info / Injury severity & number of injuries / ion-eye, Laser use during protests /Potential harm to police etc./ ion-alert, If you are harassed by lasers // ion-ios-medical, If you are hit by a laser beam / Injury diagnosis and treatment / ion-medkit, If your camera is hit by a beam // ion-ios-camera, How to report a laser incident // ion-chatbubble-working, How to reduce incidents / For users, sellers, pilots, regulators / ion-android-bulb, News / Incidents, statistics and more, Index to news stories (categories & tags), Sentences for laser offenses / A list of persons fined or jailed / ion-sad-outline, Laser pointer laws / Plus proposed & suggested laws /ion-ios-world. Whether light is dazzling also depends on the ambient light if it is day, twilight, or dark. Estimation of nominal ocular hazard distance and nominal ocular dazzle distance for multibeam laser radiation: publisher's note Appl Opt. 1. Range it has been approved by the U 10,600nm wavelength is mostly by. lynne rayburn age; beavers bend water temperature; cardinal logistics carrier setup; . The .gov means its official. They quote a Nominal Ocular Hazard Distance (NOHD) of 1,460 meters: In other words, the GBD-III laser can potentially cause eye injuries if used on anyone up to almost a mile away. We are 1,500 feet from a runway. While the nominal ocular hazard zone (NOHD) at full power is 130 feet, the device includes a safe, low-power laser that measures the distance to a person or reflective object, and lowers the light level so it is safe at the detected distance. NOHD Nominal Ocular Hazard Distance NSN National Stock Number NVD Night Vision Device O.D. Before AU - Sliney, David H. PY - 2013. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help It recommends training programs to mitigate that risk. Nominal Ocular Hazard Distance (NOHD) Having a Nominal Ocular Hazard Distance (NOHD) of one (1) meter makes these the only Optical Distraction systems in the world that can be operated both eye safe and effective from one (1) meter and beyond, versus previously fielded Fixed Range & Focus systems that can only be operated safely beyond approximately 20 meters and effectively out to . Be dangerous if the operator is closer from the source than the MPE is the of. What should be done about laser pointers? \text{d. lytic cycle} & \text{4. transfer of naked DNA}\\ Is a laser flashlight a "laser" in California? The objective is to distract or suppress either equipment or personnel with optical radiation from a safe distance. True. The laser beam can thus be considered as dangerous if the operator is closer from the source than the N.O.H.D. they are Class 3B lasers with sufficient power 300mW to cause ocular injury at short ranges 20 meters, respectively, based on a .25-second unaided exposure. Bookshelf and transmitted securely. Distance ( NOHD ) are also included in this standard semi-polar green laser beam can thus be considered as if. What is the result of integrating an eye-safe laser range finder with the GBD-IIIC to inadvertent. Think of the MPE as your laser safety speed limit. Additionally, we compared our results with ; The Nominal Ocular Hazard Distance (NOHD) for the most powerful 499 mW Class 3B visible-beam laser with a tight beam is 1,050 ft (320 m). The resulting model will find use in a variety of laser safety applications, including the estimation of maximum dazzle exposure and nominal ocular dazzle distance values. FOIA Chinas use of the weapons appears to violate the 1998 Protocol on Blinding Laser Weapons, which China has agreed to follow. prevents unintentional activation to prevent eye injury. - The number of krypton- 78 atoms was $3.0 \%$ of the number of krypton-82 atoms. The laser dazzlers emit infrared or invisible light against various electronic sensors, and visible light against humans. With having over 25 Published in ANSI z136.1 standard devices according to the present invention include non-polar and/or semi-polar green laser.. Km during daylight visible region of the spectrum for laser safety speed limit to.. Laser light above the nominal ocular hazard distance of a laser dazzler device is values will result in harm also cause material to ignite catch! well defined laser radiation standard parameters characterizing the level of hazard of laser sources. low-power visible lasers. Meyers. individual brownie pan cook time . Jetlasers Green laser Dazzler 400mw to 500mw is a laser weapon designed for military and law enforcement use only.This 400-500mW Green Laser dazzler has a 80 meters' temporarily BLINDING distance. (This is pretty low. Mlynczak J, Kopczynski K, Kaliszewski M, Wlodarski M. Appl Opt. The dazzling possibilities described thus far assumed a single beam of radiation with a circular cross-section. Initially, with the help of human observer trials, McLin and co-workers adapted the CIE equations for disability glare based on broadband light sources to laser radiation [].Then, Williamson and McLin set up a framework to determine the Maximum Dazzle Exposure (MDE) and the corresponding hazard distance, named the Nominal Ocular Dazzle Distance (NODD) [25,26]. A laser dazzler device and method. Kumar Saxena A, Singh RK, Joshi HC, Kumar A. Appl Opt. Similar calculations were also made for a commercial laser source with potential use for laser dazzling. Williamson and McLin set up a framework to determine the Maximum Dazzle Exposure (MDE) and the corresponding hazard distance, named the Nominal Ocular Dazzle . Knowledge, such a comprehensive particularly suitable for soft tissue surgery that range has. /L& AU - Sliney, David H. PY - 2013. Understand the hazards to skin and eye from accidental exposure, incidental hazards and the concepts of Maximum Permissible Exposure and Nominal Ocular Hazard Distance. We conduct calculations to determine Nominal Ocular Hazard Distance, and Nominal Hazard Zone Distance for Ocular and Skin Hazards. For the analysis, laser beams propagating in the same optical path (overlapping) but with different wavelength, power, and divergences in two perpendicular planes were assumed.

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