While the PADM identifies the way people typically make decisions, Lindell and Perry, (2012) recognise that various situational facilitators and impediments influence their response. In: Felton A, Reinhart CM (eds) The First Global Financial Crisis of the 21st Century: Part ll June-December 2008. A one-size-fits-all approach among diverse populations is unlikely to generate a proactive public response to future evacuation orders (Mileti et al., 2004, Paveglio et al., 2017, Tierney et al., 2001). One long-term effect of volcanic ash is silicosis. Unfortunately this lesson is no longer available. Between March and June 2010 a series of volcanic events at Eyjafjallajkull in Iceland caused enormous disruption to air travel across Western Europe . The scientific validity and operational utility of the ash concentration charts have been questioned by international experts and therefore have not been implemented outside Europe. (background, So they were surprised when it turned out to be like a medium Katla. 1 and Bird et al., (2011)). The eruption of Eyjafjallajkull Composite map of the volcanic ash cloud spanning 20 March 2010. A further 23% heard about the eruption from DCPEM/police while 14% heard about it on the radio. Spring-Verlag, New York, Book Google Scholar, Mileti DS, Sorensen JH (1990) Communication of emergency public warnings: a social science perspective and state-of-the-art assessment. Data derived from Statistics Iceland (2017a). Ensuring the sustainability of local rescue teams and the sweeper system is critical, as their roles during future events may become even more important with respect to reaching new residents and tourists that are not connected to kin, friend and community networks. Your shoes may fill up with volcanic material and as a fun fact, I can add that nobody would have a wooden floor in the Westman Islands years after the eruption. It was not only the darkness but also the noise of the eruption for the children and animals. The open and transparent communication from police, and ensuing trust that developed between them and residents, as described in the previous sections, supports the data observed in Fig. In: Lyinskaya E, Larsen G, Gudmundsson MT (eds) Catalogue of Icelandic Volcanoes. Soc Sci J 36:515523, Gladwin C, Gladwin H, Peacock WG (2001) Modeling hurricane evacuation decisions with ethnographic methods. . The questionnaire and semi-structured interviews were comprehensive, taking 3045min and up to 2h and 36min to complete, respectively. There is not any better place to be at [referring to the safety of his home]; there is no reason to be running somewhere (V-E). Also if they told us there was a huge, huge snowstorm coming like in the West Fjords and we could have an avalanche. Google Scholar, Crutchfield M (2013) Phases of disaster recovery: emergency response for the long term. More specifically: Households in Vestur-Eyjafjll were required to evacuate due to jkulhlaup hazard during the flank and summit eruptions in Eyjafjallajkull. And it was on a Saturday night and we had a phone call from our youngest son he called and said hey, theres an eruption. It is therefore not surprising that people contested the location of some evacuation centres, particularly those located in low-lying regions and old flood channels. Most of the things went very well because the people were really well prepared. Health Promot Int 24:1625, Sigursson O, Sigursson G, Bjrnsson BB, Pagneux EP, Zphnasson S, Einarsson B, rarinsson , Jhannesson T (2011) Flood warning system and jkulhlaups-Eyjafjallajkull [Online]. This district is now about 31,000km2. 6). Iceland. 4). The impacts of the eruption were significant on my farm and at my neighbouring farms. Hence, respondents know the person as a neighbour or as a rescue team member rather than a sweeper. We certainly sympathised with our nearest neighbours from Austur-Eyjafjll. Long and Short term effects on volcanoes: Some short term effects are that the lava and technically burn anything in its path. That is, local police/DCPEM worked with local residents to ensure safety from an imminent threat, as well as protecting livelihood interests. This is particularly pertinent among those that have immigrated from abroad. In addition to these systems, recent unrest in rfajkull has called for the development of further emergency response plans in South Iceland (Almannavarnadeild Rkislgreglustjrinn, 2017, Hskuldsson, 2015). Despite this, some appreciated the eruption for its sheer beauty and force. The data presented here clearly shows that the success of the 2010 evacuations, which were a risk mitigation intervention, is no differentfrom the integrated approach employed during the 2005 hazard assessment (Gumundsson and Gylfason, 2005), the 2006 evacuation exercise (Bird et al., 2009b), the 2010 meetings and throughout the 2010 response (Bird et al., 2018), to the South regions communities where neighbours interact relatively frequently due to their beliefs, values and activities. All interviewees and respondents are graciously thanked for their willingness to participate in this study. The experience that is the focus of this paper is the response to the 2010 Eyjafjallajkull eruptions. We taped the windows and the doorsby 12:0014:00 it was completely dark, we could not see anything. Accessed 14 Apr 2018, Strahan K, Whittaker J, Handmer J (2018) Self-evacuation archetypes in Australian bushfire. 2). This is the ninth video for the AQA GCSE 9-1 Geography course, and the ninth video of the Cha. Hence, we accessed data on the total number of people employed in main and second jobs held outside the capital region and within the farming (crop and animal production, hunting and related service activities) and tourism sectors. Consisting of local residents as volunteers, some of whom form part of the local rescue team, their role is to sweep their neighbourhood by going from house to house to ensure everyone has received the warnings and have, or are in the process of evacuating to their designated centre (Bird et al., 2009b). Nevertheless, officials were pleased with public response. The structure of the population, however, changed during this period with losses in the 017 year and 3044 year age categories across both genders between 2000 and 2016 (Fig. Experience prior to and during the flank eruption that began on 20th March in Fimmvruhls; Experience prior to and during the summit eruption that began on 14th April under Eyjafjallajkull; Impacts of the eruptions on you, your family and property; Use of various media sources for acquiring information about the possibility of a future Katla/Eyjafjallajkull eruption; Perceived level of preparedness for a future Katla eruption; Perceived possibility of a future Katla eruption and its effects; Trust in information from various sources about a future Katla eruption. All other municipalities are considered as being outside the capital region. There was hardly any registration of who were where and who were missing (A-E). Learn. Together, these eruptions caused considerable damage and ongoing challenges to local residents (Bird and Gsladttir, 2012). Our results here showing an increase in perceived preparedness and decrease in perception of risk associated with damage to property and home may stem from the relatively low impacts of the Eyjafjallajkull eruptions and the fact that residents believed they coped moderately well, in general. Eyjafjallajkull Icelandic Eruption 2010 . For me this was at the same time frightening and magnificent. It is almost impossible to know exactly how many people are located in a given area at any point in time. Also, there was much media focus on a Katla eruption being generated because of the Eyjafjallajkull eruptions. They can also die from famine, fires and earthquakes which can be related to volcanoes. Iceland's Eyjafjallajkull Volcano burst into life for the first time in 190 years on March 20, 2010. By undertaking research within this time period, we were able to capture more detailed and accurate narratives of actions and perspectives of the decision-making process, given that intricate details of which fade with time. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Some questions regarding Katla were retained because the Katla hazard zones cover the same communities impacted by the Eyjafjallajkull eruptions. Case study of the Eyjafjallajkull eruption in Iceland in 2010. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the articles Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. The officials interviewed in 2016 were extremely positive about their relationship with local residents and the trust that residents have in them and the volcanic response plans. None of the respondents had first noticed environmental cues as these were most visible from parts of Fljtshl, which was not included in the study region. The first evacuation orders that residents in Vestur- and Austur-Eyjafjll received this second time came from DCPEM/police (50% A-E; 58% V-E), family, friends or neighbours (28% A-E; 8% V-E) and, the rescue teams (6% A-E; 8% V-E). 3)an observation that is supported by verbatim quotes presented in the previous sections. The volcanic event began in March of 2010 but activity only died down later in May. And she said Youre supposed to evacuate! But we didnt evacuate because we got no further information. And I think they should try to take that enthusiasm and bring it forward. And more times than not, their interest is volcanoes as they remember the 2010 eruption in the summit of Eyjafjallajkull. 5 which shows residents have much more trust in information from local police in 2010 than respondents did in 2008. 1). However, while it may enhance some aspects of vulnerability, it may also bring about new opportunities for developing new and exciting methods for generating a proactive public response to future evacuation orders among new and old residents. Global cooling caused by the ash. Springer, New York, MATH This may be particularly apparent if their patrons are out sightseeing and are therefore unaccountable, which is just as likely during the night (e.g., on a Northern Lights tour) as it is during the day. I was concerned about the horses I found it terrifying and I feared that the ash would [continue to increase in quantity] (). 0.0 / 5. If material is not included in the articles Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. 23.11.2017Version 1.0. http://www.almannavarnir.is/utgefid-efni/?wpdmc=articles-in-english. As soon as we knew when the flood had come we told the people that we would let them go home and feed their animals. Immediate and long-term responses to a tectonic hazard. Jan 8, 2023 6:01 pm (GMT +0) (Jan 8, 2023 18:01 GMT) 3.3. They are providing food for the. 2008, Sjberg, 2000, Weinstein, 1987), may be directly linked to residents predicting their future vulnerability based on their personal experience of the Eyjafjallajkull eruptions. The Montserrat volcano eruption took place in February. The tourism industry, however, is rapidly growing, with the South attracting the highest number of visitors outside the capital region (Bird et al., 2016). Specific livelihood details are not available by municipality, i.e., Statistics Iceland only provides aggregated data from the capital region and outside the capital region. The research also highlights the importance of local residents knowing and sharing their stories and experiences with their neighbours. The calls are increasing. They are so enthusiastic. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Overall, residents believed they coped rather well with the eruptions (Table 3). These impacts, however, were felt right across the region to lftaver. I got a phone call from the officers who were on duty. While 2010 respondents believed it is more likely a Katla eruption will occur in the next 10 years, they perceived less damage would occur particularly in relation to their property (Fig. At 9:30 p.m. on March 19, 2021 In April 2010, Eyjafjallajkull, a volcano in southern Iceland, began spewing several kilometres of volcanic ash into the atmosphere.The cloud of ash forced the greatest airspace closure since World War II, cancelling nearly 100,000 flights and disrupting the travel plans of tourists and business travelers alike throughout northern Europe. Google Scholar, Bird D, Gsladttir G (2014) How the children coped with the April 2010 Eyjafjallajkull eruption in Iceland. Springer International Publishing, Cham, Sigfsdttir ID, Thorlindsson T, Kristjnsson L, Roe KM, Allegrante JP (2009) Substance use prevention for adolescents: the Icelandic Model. The eruption, which began on 26 October, has already left 141 people dead and 453 injured near the volcano, which is located some 30km north of the city of Yogyakarta. Both Almannavarnir [DCPEM] and Bjrgunarsveitir [rescue teams], the Red Cross and the municipalities in the area were well organised. Climate change is the result of natural and human factors, and has a range of effects: Evidence for climate change from the beginning of the Quaternary period to the present day. Volcano Insurance on vehicles and properties, and research into ash detectors for planes. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-018-0205-6, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-018-0205-6. There are of course some things that we can do better and I think that most of that is regarding information to people. Exact figures on how many people were supposed to evacuate during both phases of the eruption are not available. Only two respondents noted living at that address for less than 5 years. With respect to the future, respondents were asked about how they viewed preparedness for a Katla eruption. Austur-Eyjafjll respondents also recorded the greatest impacts with respect to their home, while Slheimar respondents recorded the greatest impacts to them and/or their familys health and financially. However, they have grave concerns for the safety of the ever-increasing number of tourists visiting the South region. Lava or Volcanic Bombs . And despite the clarity of the prescribed action to evacuate, some residents received conflicting information regarding the location of their designated centre. At the same time, however, respondents still viewed a similar level of risk to the community as a whole in terms of adverse impacts. Of particular import to the study presented here is data pertaining to population, migration and livelihood. Tourism related work mostly (85%) involved accommodation. It already now counts as the largest on Iceland in over 100 years. The 2010 eruption of Iceland's Eyjafjallajkull volcano had a huge impact on air travel, changing the assessment of risk by the aviation sector and catalyzing new lines of scientific investigation. In order to capture the changing structure and situation in South Iceland in more detail, demographic data held by Statistics Iceland was accessed from www.statice.is and analysed using Microsoft Excel. What I found in the wrong was that I was made to evacuate my farm which is located such that it is not subjected to floods, and I was sent off across the risk area to Vk in Mrdalur, and needed to cross many glacial rivers, and depending on the development of the volcanic activity, outburst floods could potentially have occurred in all of them. Haiti earthquake 2010. That would scare us much more. The questionnaire included 92 open and closed response questions compiled into the following 10 sections, which also formed the basis of the semi-structured interviews. Key criteria. They marked the questionnaire as a positive response because they had intended to evacuate, as they believed it was the right thing to do, to the extent that they were concerned the police would come for them: To be very honest, during the night and until the morning I was more scared of the police than the eruption! It is important to note, however, that the perspectives presented here are predominantly drawn from a survey implemented during the early to medium-term stages of recovery (where early and medium are classified as beginning to resume some kind of normal existence and life is finally beginning to feel stable (Crutchfield, 2013), respectively). Causes The Canary Islands have over 30 volcanoes, 10 of which lie on the island of La Palma. Centre for Economic Policy Research, London, Dash N, Gladwin H (2007) Evacuation decision making and behavioral responses: individual and household. The lack of resources was also noted as an impeding factor in the South region. But I would not be afraid. The name is a description of the characteristics of the volcano, namely Eyja meaning island; fjalla meaning mountain; and jokull meaning glacier The tectonic setting for the Volcanic hazard In contrast, the local rescue team is more prominent within the community as they are active all year round. Based on those advisories, over 300 airports in about two dozen countries, and a correspondingly large airspace, were closed in Europe during 15-21 April 2010. The Restless Earth Case Studies. ADS The family took the situation as it was, slightly worried about the continuation; not knowing what to expect was the worst. Case Study - Icelandic Eruption 2010. http://www.traveller.com.au/kilauea-volcano-eruption-hawaii-tourists-arrested-for-entering-restricted-zones-to-take-. As cloud-based software, Survey Monkey ensures greater access across our research team to the questionnaire and its data for use in future projects, reduces the risk of errors during data entry (when compared for example to manually entering coding into Excel) and allows an easy visualisation for crosschecking each entry to ensure accuracy. It was very good (O). With a changing population, exponential growth in tourism and a volcanic eruption on average every 34 years, disaster risk research is of critical importance. Population data by age and gender is available from 1998. They can cause rain, thunder and lightning. The disruptions started over an initial period of six days in April 2010. The municipalities encompassing the South region include Sveitarflagi Hornafjrur, Vestmannaeyjar, Sveitarflagi rborg, Mrdalshreppur, Skaftrhreppur, sahreppur, Rangring eystra, Rangring ytra, Hrunamannahreppur, Hverageri, Sveitarflagi lfus, Grmsnes- og Grafningshreppur, Skeia- og Gnpverjahreppur, Blskgabygg and Flahreppur. Balancing this loss was growth in all other categories (except 4559 year old males) between 2000 and 2016, with the greatest among females 6074 years (growth of 1.43), males 75+ years (growth of 1.31) and females (growth of 1.23) and males 1829 years (growth of 1.19). For example, rural residents responsible for livestock questioned their ability to comply with evacuation orders (Bird et al., 2009b, Bird et al., 2011). Aust J Emerg Manag 27:2733, Bird D, Mcleman R, Gsladttir G, Kelman I, Nss MW, Ptursdttir G, Jhannesdttir G (2016) Climate change and settlement level impacts. On average, Mauna Loa, located on the island of Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean, erupts every three and a half years with fountains and streams of incandescent lava. the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Find out why Exact figures on how many people evacuated during both phases are also not available. Overall, respondents ranked impacts on their home as the greatest followed by impacts to them and / or their family emotionally and financially (Table 2). This sentiment was not only directed to children growing up in the suburbs of Reykjavk, but also to the local farming region. Population data sourced from slfur Gylfi Plmason, the head of the Rangring eystra municipality, and Statistics Iceland (2016). Please note, due to time pressures the community of Skgar (Austur- Eyjafjll) was not included in this study. To obtain About them coming with the sirens [makes siren sounds] and taking me I dont mind the eruption but please dont send the police! J Hazard Mater 75:181194, Article The lava flow from the Nyiragongo volcano flowed to the northeast of the city of Goma in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). The survey implemented in 2010 incorporated 15 semi-structured interviews with officials, rescue team members and residents alongside a questionnaire disseminated to households living within the hazard zones of the Eyjafjallajkull and Katla volcanoes (see Fig. Iceland is home to multiple volcanoes and so is used to dealing with eruptions. Data collection tools are available from the lead author on request. The 2016 interviews and the preparation of this paper were supported by the Nordic Centre of Excellence for Resilience and Societal SecurityNORDRESS, which is funded by the Nordic Societal Security Programme.

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